Twenty-first century viral pandemics: A literature review of sexual transmission and fertility implications in men
Date
2020Author
Payne, Kelly
Kenny, Peter
Scovell, Jason M.
Khodamoradi, Kajal
Ramasamy, Ranjith
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Abstract
ntroduction: The 21st century has seen a series of viral pandemics that have collectively infected millions of
individuals. To understand factors that may contribute to viral spread and address long-term health sequelae for
survivors, it is important to review evidence regarding viral presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and
possible effects on fertility.
Aim: To review the current literature regarding the sexual transmissibility of recent viral pandemics and their
effects on semen parameters and fertility. We review evidence for the following viruses: Ebola, Zika, West Nile,
pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for
relevance. References from identified articles were searched and included, if appropriate.
Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measure of this study was reviewing of peer-reviewed literature.
Results: Both the Ebola virus and Zika virus are present in semen, but only the Zika virus shows consistent
evidence of sexual transmission. Current evidence does not support the presence of the West Nile virus,
pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 in semen. The Zika virus appears to alter semen parameters in a
way that diminishes fertility, but the effect is likely time limited. The West Nile virus and SARS have been
associated with orchitis in a small number of case reports. Viruses that cause febrile illness, such as pandemic
influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2, are associated with decreased sperm count and motility and abnormal
morphology. SARS and SARS-CoV-2 may interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors present in
the testes, which could impact spermatogenesis.
Conclusions: We have reported the presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and fertility side effects of
recent viral pandemics. Overall, semen studies and fertility effects are highly understudied in viral pandemics, and
rigorous study on these topics should be undertaken as novel pandemics emerge. Payne K, Kenny P, Scovell
JM, et al. Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility
Implications for Men. Sex Med Rev 2020;XX:XXXeXXX.
Palabras clave
Viral Pandemic; Semen; Sexual Transmission; Fertility; Ebola; ZikaLink to resource
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.06.003Collections
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