Predicción de la distribución global del Tiburón Aletiblanco (Carcharhinus longimanus) y el Tiburón Martillo Gigante (Sphyrna mokarran) enlos próximos 100 años ante diferentes escenarios de cambio climático

dc.contributor.advisorVillafaña, Jaime
dc.creatorFernandez-Gasca, Ana
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-03T17:52:50Z
dc.date.created2026-04-26
dc.description.abstractLos tiburones pelágicos, como depredadores tope, cumplen con un rol ecológico clave del cual depende la estructura trófica de las comunidades marinas, sin embargo, enfrentan fuertes presiones derivadas del cambio climático y la consecuente pérdida de hábitat. Evaluar cómo su distribución se puede ver afectada por dichas alteraciones ambientales es fundamental para su conservación, por dicha razón, el objetivo de este estudio estuvo basado en la proyección a futuro y presente de la distribución global de Carcharhinus longimanus y Sphyrna mokarran mediante un modelo de distribución de especies (SDM). Este modelo, planteado bajo el principio estadístico random forest, fue construido en R usando ocurrencias georreferenciadas de GBIF (3 000 ocurrencias superficiales para C. longimanus y 1 285 para S. mokarran), filtradas por metodología y geografía, y variables ambientales (clorofila, temperatura oceánica, pH, productividad primaria, salinidad y O2), proyectadas a tres escenarios climáticos (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 y SSP5-8.5), y generando, además, una serie de pseudoausencias, alrededor de las ocurrencias filtradas, las cuales fueron protegidas con un buffer de 300 Km2, y dentro del rango geográfico manejado durante el análisis para cada especie. Adicionalmente, se realizaron análisis complementarios para evaluar el posible cambio de distribución de C. longimanus a capas más profundas, utilizando la misma metodología, pero con variables ambientales proyectadas mediante estimaciones batimétricas. El ajuste de los modelos independientes fue evaluado mediante valores de área bajo la curva (AUC). Los resultados mostraron una fuerte contracción del hábitat pelágico de ambas especie: C. longimanus (AUC 0,82) podría perder más del 50% de su área de habitabilidad superficial, aunque se evidencia un aumento de entre el 5 y el 10% de distribución potencial en aguas profundas (AUC 0,84), mientras que S. mokarran (AUC 0,91) podría experimentar una reducción en el área de habitabilidad superior al 75% e incluso enfrentar pérdidas del 99% en los escenarios climáticos más extremos. Estos resultados sugieren que el cambio climático podría modificar la distribución de grandes tiburones pelágicos y que las estrategias de conservación de sus áreas de distribución de importancias son urgentes.
dc.description.abstractenglishAs apex predators, pelagic sharks play a key ecological role upon which the trophic structure of marine communities depends; however, they face significant pressure from climate change and the resulting loss of habitat. Assessing how their distribution may be affected by these environmental changes is essential for their conservation; for this reason, the objective of this study was to project the past and future global distribution of Carcharhinus longimanus and Sphyrna mokarran using a species distribution model (SDM). This model, based on the random forest statistical principle, was built in R using georeferenced records from GBIF (3,000 surface records for C. longimanus and 1,285 for S. mokarran), filtered by methodology and geography, and environmental variables (chlorophyll, ocean temperature, pH, primary productivity, salinity, and O2), projected onto three climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5), also generating a series of pseudo-absences around the filtered occurrences, which were protected by a 300 km² buffer and remained within the geographic range used during the analysis for each species. Additionally, complementary analyses were conducted to assess the potential shift in the distribution of C. longimanus to deeper layers, using the same methodology but with environmental variables projected using bathymetric estimates. The accuracy of the independent models was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) values. The results showed a significant contraction of the pelagic habitat for both species: C. longimanus (AUC 0.82) could lose more than 50% of its surface habitable area, although there is evidence of a 5–10% increase in potential distribution in deep waters (AUC 0.84), while S. mokarran (AUC 0.91) could experience a reduction in habitable area of more than 75% and even face losses of 99% in the most extreme climate scenarios. These results suggest that climate change could alter the distribution of large pelagic sharks and that conservation strategies for their key distribution areas are urgently needed.
dc.format.extent47 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12010/39616
dc.language.isoes
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dc.subjectCambio climático
dc.subjectSDM
dc.subjectCMIP6
dc.subjectCarcharhinus longimanus
dc.subjectSphyrna mokarran
dc.subject.keywordClimate change
dc.subject.keywordSDM
dc.subject.keywordCMIP6
dc.subject.keywordCarcharhinus longimanus
dc.subject.keywordSphyrna mokarran
dc.subject.lembTiburones
dc.subject.lembCambio climático
dc.subject.lembConservación de la biodiversidad
dc.titlePredicción de la distribución global del Tiburón Aletiblanco (Carcharhinus longimanus) y el Tiburón Martillo Gigante (Sphyrna mokarran) enlos próximos 100 años ante diferentes escenarios de cambio climático
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PREDICCIÓN DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN GLOBAL DEL TIBURÓN ALETIBLANCO (Carcharhinus longimanus) Y EL TIBURÓN MARTILLO GIGANTE (Sphyrna mokarran) EN LOS PRÓXIMOS 100 AÑOS ANTE DIFERENTES ESCENARIOS DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO_Fernandez.pdf
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